Mister Exam

2xy canonical form

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The solution

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2*x*y = 0
2xy=02 x y = 0
2*x*y = 0
Detail solution
Given line equation of 2-order:
2xy=02 x y = 0
This equation looks like:
a11x2+2a12xy+2a13x+a22y2+2a23y+a33=0a_{11} x^{2} + 2 a_{12} x y + 2 a_{13} x + a_{22} y^{2} + 2 a_{23} y + a_{33} = 0
where
a11=0a_{11} = 0
a12=1a_{12} = 1
a13=0a_{13} = 0
a22=0a_{22} = 0
a23=0a_{23} = 0
a33=0a_{33} = 0
To calculate the determinant
Δ=a11a12a12a22\Delta = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12}\\a_{12} & a_{22}\end{matrix}\right|
or, substitute
Δ=0110\Delta = \left|\begin{matrix}0 & 1\\1 & 0\end{matrix}\right|
Δ=1\Delta = -1
Because
Δ\Delta
is not equal to 0, then
find the center of the canonical coordinate system. To do it, solve the system of equations
a11x0+a12y0+a13=0a_{11} x_{0} + a_{12} y_{0} + a_{13} = 0
a12x0+a22y0+a23=0a_{12} x_{0} + a_{22} y_{0} + a_{23} = 0
substitute coefficients
y0=0y_{0} = 0
x0=0x_{0} = 0
then
x0=0x_{0} = 0
y0=0y_{0} = 0
Thus, we have the equation in the coordinate system O'x'y'
a33+a11x2+2a12xy+a22y2=0a'_{33} + a_{11} x'^{2} + 2 a_{12} x' y' + a_{22} y'^{2} = 0
where
a33=a13x0+a23y0+a33a'_{33} = a_{13} x_{0} + a_{23} y_{0} + a_{33}
or
a33=0a'_{33} = 0
a33=0a'_{33} = 0
then equation turns into
2xy=02 x' y' = 0
Rotate the resulting coordinate system by an angle φ
x=x~cos(ϕ)y~sin(ϕ)x' = \tilde x \cos{\left(\phi \right)} - \tilde y \sin{\left(\phi \right)}
y=x~sin(ϕ)+y~cos(ϕ)y' = \tilde x \sin{\left(\phi \right)} + \tilde y \cos{\left(\phi \right)}
φ - determined from the formula
cot(2ϕ)=a11a222a12\cot{\left(2 \phi \right)} = \frac{a_{11} - a_{22}}{2 a_{12}}
substitute coefficients
cot(2ϕ)=0\cot{\left(2 \phi \right)} = 0
then
ϕ=π4\phi = \frac{\pi}{4}
sin(2ϕ)=1\sin{\left(2 \phi \right)} = 1
cos(2ϕ)=0\cos{\left(2 \phi \right)} = 0
cos(ϕ)=cos(2ϕ)2+12\cos{\left(\phi \right)} = \sqrt{\frac{\cos{\left(2 \phi \right)}}{2} + \frac{1}{2}}
sin(ϕ)=1cos2(ϕ)\sin{\left(\phi \right)} = \sqrt{1 - \cos^{2}{\left(\phi \right)}}
cos(ϕ)=22\cos{\left(\phi \right)} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}
sin(ϕ)=22\sin{\left(\phi \right)} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}
substitute coefficients
x=2x~22y~2x' = \frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde x}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde y}{2}
y=2x~2+2y~2y' = \frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde y}{2}
then the equation turns from
2xy=02 x' y' = 0
to
2(2x~22y~2)(2x~2+2y~2)=02 \left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde x}{2} - \frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde y}{2}\right) \left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{2} \tilde y}{2}\right) = 0
simplify
x~2y~2=0\tilde x^{2} - \tilde y^{2} = 0
Given equation is degenerate hyperbole
x~212y~212=0\frac{\tilde x^{2}}{1^{2}} - \frac{\tilde y^{2}}{1^{2}} = 0
- reduced to canonical form
The center of canonical coordinate system at point O
(0, 0)

Basis of the canonical coordinate system
e1=(22, 22)\vec e_1 = \left( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)
e2=(22, 22)\vec e_2 = \left( - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)
Invariants method
Given line equation of 2-order:
2xy=02 x y = 0
This equation looks like:
a11x2+2a12xy+2a13x+a22y2+2a23y+a33=0a_{11} x^{2} + 2 a_{12} x y + 2 a_{13} x + a_{22} y^{2} + 2 a_{23} y + a_{33} = 0
where
a11=0a_{11} = 0
a12=1a_{12} = 1
a13=0a_{13} = 0
a22=0a_{22} = 0
a23=0a_{23} = 0
a33=0a_{33} = 0
The invariants of the equation when converting coordinates are determinants:
I1=a11+a22I_{1} = a_{11} + a_{22}
     |a11  a12|
I2 = |        |
     |a12  a22|

I3=a11a12a13a12a22a23a13a23a33I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33}\end{matrix}\right|
I(λ)=a11λa12a12a22λI{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} - \lambda & a_{12}\\a_{12} & a_{22} - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|
     |a11  a13|   |a22  a23|
K2 = |        | + |        |
     |a13  a33|   |a23  a33|

substitute coefficients
I1=0I_{1} = 0
     |0  1|
I2 = |    |
     |1  0|

I3=010100000I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}0 & 1 & 0\\1 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0\end{matrix}\right|
I(λ)=λ11λI{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}- \lambda & 1\\1 & - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|
     |0  0|   |0  0|
K2 = |    | + |    |
     |0  0|   |0  0|

I1=0I_{1} = 0
I2=1I_{2} = -1
I3=0I_{3} = 0
I(λ)=λ21I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \lambda^{2} - 1
K2=0K_{2} = 0
Because
I3=0I2<0I_{3} = 0 \wedge I_{2} < 0
then by line type:
this equation is of type : degenerate hyperbole
Make the characteristic equation for the line:
I1λ+I2+λ2=0- I_{1} \lambda + I_{2} + \lambda^{2} = 0
or
λ21=0\lambda^{2} - 1 = 0
λ1=1\lambda_{1} = -1
λ2=1\lambda_{2} = 1
then the canonical form of the equation will be
x~2λ1+y~2λ2+I3I2=0\tilde x^{2} \lambda_{1} + \tilde y^{2} \lambda_{2} + \frac{I_{3}}{I_{2}} = 0
or
x~2+y~2=0- \tilde x^{2} + \tilde y^{2} = 0
x~212y~212=0\frac{\tilde x^{2}}{1^{2}} - \frac{\tilde y^{2}}{1^{2}} = 0
- reduced to canonical form