Integral of xarcctg(x) dx

1. Use integration by parts:

   $$\int \operatorname{u} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{u}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{du}$$

   Let $u{\left(x \right)} = \operatorname{acot}{\left(x \right)}$ and let $\operatorname{dv}{\left(x \right)} = x$.

   Then $\operatorname{du}{\left(x \right)} = - \frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}$.

   To find $v{\left(x \right)}$:

   1. The integral of $x^{n}$ is $\frac{x^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$ when $n \neq -1$:

      $$\int x\, dx = \frac{x^{2}}{2}$$

   Now evaluate the sub-integral.

2. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

   $$\int \left(- \frac{x^{2}}{2 \left(x^{2} + 1\right)}\right)\, dx = - \frac{\int \frac{x^{2}}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx}{2}$$

   1. Rewrite the integrand:

      $$\frac{x^{2}}{x^{2} + 1} = 1 - \frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}$$

   2. Integrate term-by-term:

      1. The integral of a constant is the constant times the variable of integration:

         $$\int 1\, dx = x$$

      1. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

         $$\int \left(- \frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}\right)\, dx = - \int \frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}\, dx$$

         1. The integral of $\frac{1}{x^{2} + 1}$ is $\operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}$.

         So, the result is: $- \operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}$

      The result is: $x - \operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}$

   So, the result is: $- \frac{x}{2} + \frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}}{2}$

3. Add the constant of integration:

   $$\frac{x^{2} \operatorname{acot}{\left(x \right)}}{2} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}}{2}+ \mathrm{constant}$$

The answer is:

$$\frac{x^{2} \operatorname{acot}{\left(x \right)}}{2} + \frac{x}{2} - \frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left(x \right)}}{2}+ \mathrm{constant}$$