Integral of cos⁵x dx

1. Rewrite the integrand:

   $$\cos^{5}{\left(x \right)} = \left(1 - \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}\right)^{2} \cos{\left(x \right)}$$

2. There are multiple ways to do this integral.

   Method #1

   1. Rewrite the integrand:

      $$\left(1 - \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}\right)^{2} \cos{\left(x \right)} = \sin^{4}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} - 2 \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \cos{\left(x \right)}$$

   2. Integrate term-by-term:

      1. Let $u = \sin{\left(x \right)}$.

         Then let $du = \cos{\left(x \right)} dx$ and substitute $du$:

         $$\int u^{4}\, du$$

         1. The integral of $u^{n}$ is $\frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$ when $n \neq -1$:

            $$\int u^{4}\, du = \frac{u^{5}}{5}$$

         Now substitute $u$ back in:

         $$\frac{\sin^{5}{\left(x \right)}}{5}$$

      1. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

         $$\int \left(- 2 \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)}\right)\, dx = - 2 \int \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$

         1. Let $u = \sin{\left(x \right)}$.

            Then let $du = \cos{\left(x \right)} dx$ and substitute $du$:

            $$\int u^{2}\, du$$

            1. The integral of $u^{n}$ is $\frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$ when $n \neq -1$:

               $$\int u^{2}\, du = \frac{u^{3}}{3}$$

            Now substitute $u$ back in:

            $$\frac{\sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3}$$

         So, the result is: $- \frac{2 \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3}$

      1. The integral of cosine is sine:

         $$\int \cos{\left(x \right)}\, dx = \sin{\left(x \right)}$$

      The result is: $\frac{\sin^{5}{\left(x \right)}}{5} - \frac{2 \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} + \sin{\left(x \right)}$

   Method #2

   1. Rewrite the integrand:

      $$\left(1 - \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)}\right)^{2} \cos{\left(x \right)} = \sin^{4}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} - 2 \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)} + \cos{\left(x \right)}$$

   2. Integrate term-by-term:

      1. Let $u = \sin{\left(x \right)}$.

         Then let $du = \cos{\left(x \right)} dx$ and substitute $du$:

         $$\int u^{4}\, du$$

         1. The integral of $u^{n}$ is $\frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$ when $n \neq -1$:

            $$\int u^{4}\, du = \frac{u^{5}}{5}$$

         Now substitute $u$ back in:

         $$\frac{\sin^{5}{\left(x \right)}}{5}$$

      1. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

         $$\int \left(- 2 \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)}\right)\, dx = - 2 \int \sin^{2}{\left(x \right)} \cos{\left(x \right)}\, dx$$

         1. Let $u = \sin{\left(x \right)}$.

            Then let $du = \cos{\left(x \right)} dx$ and substitute $du$:

            $$\int u^{2}\, du$$

            1. The integral of $u^{n}$ is $\frac{u^{n + 1}}{n + 1}$ when $n \neq -1$:

               $$\int u^{2}\, du = \frac{u^{3}}{3}$$

            Now substitute $u$ back in:

            $$\frac{\sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3}$$

         So, the result is: $- \frac{2 \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3}$

      1. The integral of cosine is sine:

         $$\int \cos{\left(x \right)}\, dx = \sin{\left(x \right)}$$

      The result is: $\frac{\sin^{5}{\left(x \right)}}{5} - \frac{2 \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} + \sin{\left(x \right)}$

3. Add the constant of integration:

   $$\frac{\sin^{5}{\left(x \right)}}{5} - \frac{2 \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} + \sin{\left(x \right)}+ \mathrm{constant}$$

The answer is:

$$\frac{\sin^{5}{\left(x \right)}}{5} - \frac{2 \sin^{3}{\left(x \right)}}{3} + \sin{\left(x \right)}+ \mathrm{constant}$$