Integral of arctang(x/2) dx

1. There are multiple ways to do this integral.

   Method #1

   1. Let $u = \frac{x}{2}$.

      Then let $du = \frac{dx}{2}$ and substitute $2 du$:

      $$\int 4 \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}\, du$$

      1. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

         $$\int 2 \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}\, du = 2 \int \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}\, du$$

         1. Use integration by parts:

            $$\int \operatorname{u} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{u}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{du}$$

            Let $u{\left(u \right)} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)}$ and let $\operatorname{dv}{\left(u \right)} = 1$.

            Then $\operatorname{du}{\left(u \right)} = \frac{1}{u^{2} + 1}$.

            To find $v{\left(u \right)}$:

            1. The integral of a constant is the constant times the variable of integration:

               $$\int 1\, du = u$$

            Now evaluate the sub-integral.

         2. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

            $$\int \frac{u}{u^{2} + 1}\, du = \frac{\int \frac{2 u}{u^{2} + 1}\, du}{2}$$

            1. Let $u = u^{2} + 1$.

               Then let $du = 2 u du$ and substitute $\frac{du}{2}$:

               $$\int \frac{1}{2 u}\, du$$

               1. The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ is $\log{\left(u \right)}$.

               Now substitute $u$ back in:

               $$\log{\left(u^{2} + 1 \right)}$$

            So, the result is: $\frac{\log{\left(u^{2} + 1 \right)}}{2}$

         So, the result is: $2 u \operatorname{atan}{\left(u \right)} - \log{\left(u^{2} + 1 \right)}$

      Now substitute $u$ back in:

      $$x \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} - \log{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1 \right)}$$

   Method #2

   1. Use integration by parts:

      $$\int \operatorname{u} \operatorname{dv} = \operatorname{u}\operatorname{v} - \int \operatorname{v} \operatorname{du}$$

      Let $u{\left(x \right)} = \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$ and let $\operatorname{dv}{\left(x \right)} = 1$.

      Then $\operatorname{du}{\left(x \right)} = \frac{1}{2 \left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1\right)}$.

      To find $v{\left(x \right)}$:

      1. The integral of a constant is the constant times the variable of integration:

         $$\int 1\, dx = x$$

      Now evaluate the sub-integral.

   2. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

      $$\int \frac{x}{2 \left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1\right)}\, dx = \frac{\int \frac{x}{\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1}\, dx}{2}$$

      1. The integral of a constant times a function is the constant times the integral of the function:

         $$\int \frac{x}{\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1}\, dx = 2 \int \frac{x}{2 \left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1\right)}\, dx$$

         1. Let $u = \frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1$.

            Then let $du = \frac{x dx}{2}$ and substitute $2 du$:

            $$\int \frac{2}{u}\, du$$

            1. The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ is $\log{\left(u \right)}$.

            Now substitute $u$ back in:

            $$\log{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1 \right)}$$

         So, the result is: $2 \log{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1 \right)}$

      So, the result is: $\log{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1 \right)}$

2. Now simplify:

   $$x \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} - \log{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1 \right)}$$

3. Add the constant of integration:

   $$x \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} - \log{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1 \right)}+ \mathrm{constant}$$

The answer is:

$$x \operatorname{atan}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} - \log{\left(\frac{x^{2}}{4} + 1 \right)}+ \mathrm{constant}$$