Given line equation of 2-order: −xy+y=0 This equation looks like: a11x2+2a12xy+2a13x+a22y2+2a23y+a33=0 where a11=0 a12=−21 a13=0 a22=0 a23=21 a33=0 To calculate the determinant Δ=a11a12a12a22 or, substitute Δ=0−21−210 Δ=−41 Because Δ is not equal to 0, then find the center of the canonical coordinate system. To do it, solve the system of equations a11x0+a12y0+a13=0 a12x0+a22y0+a23=0 substitute coefficients −2y0=0 21−2x0=0 then x0=1 y0=0 Thus, we have the equation in the coordinate system O'x'y' a33′+a11x′2+2a12x′y′+a22y′2=0 where a33′=a13x0+a23y0+a33 or a33′=2y0 a33′=0 then equation turns into −x′y′=0 Rotate the resulting coordinate system by an angle φ x′=x~cos(ϕ)−y~sin(ϕ) y′=x~sin(ϕ)+y~cos(ϕ) φ - determined from the formula cot(2ϕ)=2a12a11−a22 substitute coefficients cot(2ϕ)=0 then ϕ=4π sin(2ϕ)=1 cos(2ϕ)=0 cos(ϕ)=2cos(2ϕ)+21 sin(ϕ)=1−cos2(ϕ) cos(ϕ)=22 sin(ϕ)=22 substitute coefficients x′=22x~−22y~ y′=22x~+22y~ then the equation turns from −x′y′=0 to −(22x~−22y~)(22x~+22y~)=0 simplify −2x~2+2y~2=0 2x~2−2y~2=0 Given equation is degenerate hyperbole (2)2x~2−(2)2y~2=0 - reduced to canonical form The center of canonical coordinate system at point O
(1, 0)
Basis of the canonical coordinate system e1=(22,22) e2=(−22,22)
Invariants method
Given line equation of 2-order: −xy+y=0 This equation looks like: a11x2+2a12xy+2a13x+a22y2+2a23y+a33=0 where a11=0 a12=−21 a13=0 a22=0 a23=21 a33=0 The invariants of the equation when converting coordinates are determinants: I1=a11+a22
I1=0 I2=−41 I3=0 I(λ)=λ2−41 K2=−41 Because I3=0∧I2<0 then by line type: this equation is of type : degenerate hyperbole Make the characteristic equation for the line: −I1λ+I2+λ2=0 or λ2−41=0 λ1=−21 λ2=21 then the canonical form of the equation will be x~2λ1+y~2λ2+I2I3=0 or −2x~2+2y~2=0 (2)2x~2−(2)2y~2=0 - reduced to canonical form