Mister Exam

x^2+z^2=9 canonical form

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      2    2    
-9 + x  + z  = 0
$$x^{2} + z^{2} - 9 = 0$$
x^2 + z^2 - 9 = 0
Invariants method
Given equation of the surface of 2-order:
$$x^{2} + z^{2} - 9 = 0$$
This equation looks like:
$$a_{11} x^{2} + 2 a_{12} x y + 2 a_{13} x z + 2 a_{14} x + a_{22} y^{2} + 2 a_{23} y z + 2 a_{24} y + a_{33} z^{2} + 2 a_{34} z + a_{44} = 0$$
where
$$a_{11} = 1$$
$$a_{12} = 0$$
$$a_{13} = 0$$
$$a_{14} = 0$$
$$a_{22} = 0$$
$$a_{23} = 0$$
$$a_{24} = 0$$
$$a_{33} = 1$$
$$a_{34} = 0$$
$$a_{44} = -9$$
The invariants of the equation when converting coordinates are determinants:
$$I_{1} = a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33}$$
     |a11  a12|   |a22  a23|   |a11  a13|
I2 = |        | + |        | + |        |
     |a12  a22|   |a23  a33|   |a13  a33|

$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} & a_{34}\\a_{14} & a_{24} & a_{34} & a_{44}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} - \lambda & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} - \lambda & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
     |a11  a14|   |a22  a24|   |a33  a34|
K2 = |        | + |        | + |        |
     |a14  a44|   |a24  a44|   |a34  a44|

     |a11  a12  a14|   |a22  a23  a24|   |a11  a13  a14|
     |             |   |             |   |             |
K3 = |a12  a22  a24| + |a23  a33  a34| + |a13  a33  a34|
     |             |   |             |   |             |
     |a14  a24  a44|   |a24  a34  a44|   |a14  a34  a44|

substitute coefficients
$$I_{1} = 2$$
     |1  0|   |0  0|   |1  0|
I2 = |    | + |    | + |    |
     |0  0|   |0  1|   |0  1|

$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}1 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 1\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & -9\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}1 - \lambda & 0 & 0\\0 & - \lambda & 0\\0 & 0 & 1 - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
     |1  0 |   |0  0 |   |1  0 |
K2 = |     | + |     | + |     |
     |0  -9|   |0  -9|   |0  -9|

     |1  0  0 |   |0  0  0 |   |1  0  0 |
     |        |   |        |   |        |
K3 = |0  0  0 | + |0  1  0 | + |0  1  0 |
     |        |   |        |   |        |
     |0  0  -9|   |0  0  -9|   |0  0  -9|

$$I_{1} = 2$$
$$I_{2} = 1$$
$$I_{3} = 0$$
$$I_{4} = 0$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = - \lambda^{3} + 2 \lambda^{2} - \lambda$$
$$K_{2} = -18$$
$$K_{3} = -9$$
Because
$$I_{3} = 0 \wedge I_{4} = 0 \wedge I_{2} \neq 0$$
then by type of surface:
you need to
Make the characteristic equation for the surface:
$$- I_{1} \lambda^{2} + I_{2} \lambda - I_{3} + \lambda^{3} = 0$$
or
$$\lambda^{3} - 2 \lambda^{2} + \lambda = 0$$
$$\lambda_{1} = 1$$
$$\lambda_{2} = 1$$
$$\lambda_{3} = 0$$
then the canonical form of the equation will be
$$\left(\tilde x^{2} \lambda_{1} + \tilde y^{2} \lambda_{2}\right) + \frac{K_{3}}{I_{2}} = 0$$
$$\tilde x^{2} + \tilde y^{2} - 9 = 0$$
        2           2    
\tilde x    \tilde y     
--------- + --------- = 1
      2           2      
  / 1\        / 1\       
  \3 /        \3 /       

this equation is fora type elliptical cylinder
- reduced to canonical form