Given equation of the surface of 2-order:
2 x 2 + 4 y 2 + z − 1 = 0 2 x^{2} + 4 y^{2} + z - 1 = 0 2 x 2 + 4 y 2 + z − 1 = 0 This equation looks like:
a 11 x 2 + 2 a 12 x y + 2 a 13 x z + 2 a 14 x + a 22 y 2 + 2 a 23 y z + 2 a 24 y + a 33 z 2 + 2 a 34 z + a 44 = 0 a_{11} x^{2} + 2 a_{12} x y + 2 a_{13} x z + 2 a_{14} x + a_{22} y^{2} + 2 a_{23} y z + 2 a_{24} y + a_{33} z^{2} + 2 a_{34} z + a_{44} = 0 a 11 x 2 + 2 a 12 x y + 2 a 13 x z + 2 a 14 x + a 22 y 2 + 2 a 23 yz + 2 a 24 y + a 33 z 2 + 2 a 34 z + a 44 = 0 where
a 11 = 2 a_{11} = 2 a 11 = 2 a 12 = 0 a_{12} = 0 a 12 = 0 a 13 = 0 a_{13} = 0 a 13 = 0 a 14 = 0 a_{14} = 0 a 14 = 0 a 22 = 4 a_{22} = 4 a 22 = 4 a 23 = 0 a_{23} = 0 a 23 = 0 a 24 = 0 a_{24} = 0 a 24 = 0 a 33 = 0 a_{33} = 0 a 33 = 0 a 34 = 1 2 a_{34} = \frac{1}{2} a 34 = 2 1 a 44 = − 1 a_{44} = -1 a 44 = − 1 The invariants of the equation when converting coordinates are determinants:
I 1 = a 11 + a 22 + a 33 I_{1} = a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33} I 1 = a 11 + a 22 + a 33 |a11 a12| |a22 a23| |a11 a13|
I2 = | | + | | + | |
|a12 a22| |a23 a33| |a13 a33| I 3 = ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 12 a 22 a 23 a 13 a 23 a 33 ∣ I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33}\end{matrix}\right| I 3 = a 11 a 12 a 13 a 12 a 22 a 23 a 13 a 23 a 33 I 4 = ∣ a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14 a 12 a 22 a 23 a 24 a 13 a 23 a 33 a 34 a 14 a 24 a 34 a 44 ∣ I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} & a_{34}\\a_{14} & a_{24} & a_{34} & a_{44}\end{matrix}\right| I 4 = a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14 a 12 a 22 a 23 a 24 a 13 a 23 a 33 a 34 a 14 a 24 a 34 a 44 I ( λ ) = ∣ a 11 − λ a 12 a 13 a 12 a 22 − λ a 23 a 13 a 23 a 33 − λ ∣ I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} - \lambda & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} - \lambda & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} - \lambda\end{matrix}\right| I ( λ ) = a 11 − λ a 12 a 13 a 12 a 22 − λ a 23 a 13 a 23 a 33 − λ |a11 a14| |a22 a24| |a33 a34|
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|a14 a44| |a24 a44| |a34 a44| |a11 a12 a14| |a22 a23 a24| |a11 a13 a14|
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K3 = |a12 a22 a24| + |a23 a33 a34| + |a13 a33 a34|
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|a14 a24 a44| |a24 a34 a44| |a14 a34 a44| substitute coefficients
I 1 = 6 I_{1} = 6 I 1 = 6 |2 0| |4 0| |2 0|
I2 = | | + | | + | |
|0 4| |0 0| |0 0| I 3 = ∣ 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 ∣ I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}2 & 0 & 0\\0 & 4 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0\end{matrix}\right| I 3 = 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 I 4 = ∣ 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 − 1 ∣ I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}2 & 0 & 0 & 0\\0 & 4 & 0 & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2}\\0 & 0 & \frac{1}{2} & -1\end{matrix}\right| I 4 = 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 − 1 I ( λ ) = ∣ 2 − λ 0 0 0 4 − λ 0 0 0 − λ ∣ I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}2 - \lambda & 0 & 0\\0 & 4 - \lambda & 0\\0 & 0 & - \lambda\end{matrix}\right| I ( λ ) = 2 − λ 0 0 0 4 − λ 0 0 0 − λ |2 0 | |4 0 | | 0 1/2|
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|0 -1| |0 -1| |1/2 -1 | |2 0 0 | |4 0 0 | |2 0 0 |
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K3 = |0 4 0 | + |0 0 1/2| + |0 0 1/2|
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|0 0 -1| |0 1/2 -1 | |0 1/2 -1 | I 1 = 6 I_{1} = 6 I 1 = 6 I 2 = 8 I_{2} = 8 I 2 = 8 I 3 = 0 I_{3} = 0 I 3 = 0 I 4 = − 2 I_{4} = -2 I 4 = − 2 I ( λ ) = − λ 3 + 6 λ 2 − 8 λ I{\left(\lambda \right)} = - \lambda^{3} + 6 \lambda^{2} - 8 \lambda I ( λ ) = − λ 3 + 6 λ 2 − 8 λ K 2 = − 25 4 K_{2} = - \frac{25}{4} K 2 = − 4 25 K 3 = − 19 2 K_{3} = - \frac{19}{2} K 3 = − 2 19 Because
I 3 = 0 ∧ I 2 ≠ 0 ∧ I 4 ≠ 0 I_{3} = 0 \wedge I_{2} \neq 0 \wedge I_{4} \neq 0 I 3 = 0 ∧ I 2 = 0 ∧ I 4 = 0 then by type of surface:
you need to
Make the characteristic equation for the surface:
− I 1 λ 2 + I 2 λ − I 3 + λ 3 = 0 - I_{1} \lambda^{2} + I_{2} \lambda - I_{3} + \lambda^{3} = 0 − I 1 λ 2 + I 2 λ − I 3 + λ 3 = 0 or
λ 3 − 6 λ 2 + 8 λ = 0 \lambda^{3} - 6 \lambda^{2} + 8 \lambda = 0 λ 3 − 6 λ 2 + 8 λ = 0 λ 1 = 4 \lambda_{1} = 4 λ 1 = 4 λ 2 = 2 \lambda_{2} = 2 λ 2 = 2 λ 3 = 0 \lambda_{3} = 0 λ 3 = 0 then the canonical form of the equation will be
z ~ 2 ( − 1 ) I 4 I 2 + ( x ~ 2 λ 1 + y ~ 2 λ 2 ) = 0 \tilde z 2 \sqrt{\frac{\left(-1\right) I_{4}}{I_{2}}} + \left(\tilde x^{2} \lambda_{1} + \tilde y^{2} \lambda_{2}\right) = 0 z ~ 2 I 2 ( − 1 ) I 4 + ( x ~ 2 λ 1 + y ~ 2 λ 2 ) = 0 and
− z ~ 2 ( − 1 ) I 4 I 2 + ( x ~ 2 λ 1 + y ~ 2 λ 2 ) = 0 - \tilde z 2 \sqrt{\frac{\left(-1\right) I_{4}}{I_{2}}} + \left(\tilde x^{2} \lambda_{1} + \tilde y^{2} \lambda_{2}\right) = 0 − z ~ 2 I 2 ( − 1 ) I 4 + ( x ~ 2 λ 1 + y ~ 2 λ 2 ) = 0 4 x ~ 2 + 2 y ~ 2 + z ~ = 0 4 \tilde x^{2} + 2 \tilde y^{2} + \tilde z = 0 4 x ~ 2 + 2 y ~ 2 + z ~ = 0 and
4 x ~ 2 + 2 y ~ 2 − z ~ = 0 4 \tilde x^{2} + 2 \tilde y^{2} - \tilde z = 0 4 x ~ 2 + 2 y ~ 2 − z ~ = 0 2 2
\tilde x \tilde y
--------- + --------- + 2*\tilde z = 0
1/8 1/4 and
2 2
\tilde x \tilde y
--------- + --------- - 2*\tilde z = 0
1/8 1/4 this equation is fora type elliptical paraboloid
- reduced to canonical form