Given equation of the surface of 2-order:
$$4 x^{2} - 8 x + 9 y^{2} - 36 y + 36 z^{2} + 72 z + 40 = 0$$
This equation looks like:
$$a_{11} x^{2} + 2 a_{12} x y + 2 a_{13} x z + 2 a_{14} x + a_{22} y^{2} + 2 a_{23} y z + 2 a_{24} y + a_{33} z^{2} + 2 a_{34} z + a_{44} = 0$$
where
$$a_{11} = 4$$
$$a_{12} = 0$$
$$a_{13} = 0$$
$$a_{14} = -4$$
$$a_{22} = 9$$
$$a_{23} = 0$$
$$a_{24} = -18$$
$$a_{33} = 36$$
$$a_{34} = 36$$
$$a_{44} = 40$$
The invariants of the equation when converting coordinates are determinants:
$$I_{1} = a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33}$$
|a11 a12| |a22 a23| |a11 a13|
I2 = | | + | | + | |
|a12 a22| |a23 a33| |a13 a33|
$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14}\\a_{12} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} & a_{34}\\a_{14} & a_{24} & a_{34} & a_{44}\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} - \lambda & a_{12} & a_{13}\\a_{12} & a_{22} - \lambda & a_{23}\\a_{13} & a_{23} & a_{33} - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
|a11 a14| |a22 a24| |a33 a34|
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|a14 a44| |a24 a44| |a34 a44|
|a11 a12 a14| |a22 a23 a24| |a11 a13 a14|
| | | | | |
K3 = |a12 a22 a24| + |a23 a33 a34| + |a13 a33 a34|
| | | | | |
|a14 a24 a44| |a24 a34 a44| |a14 a34 a44|
substitute coefficients
$$I_{1} = 49$$
|4 0| |9 0 | |4 0 |
I2 = | | + | | + | |
|0 9| |0 36| |0 36|
$$I_{3} = \left|\begin{matrix}4 & 0 & 0\\0 & 9 & 0\\0 & 0 & 36\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I_{4} = \left|\begin{matrix}4 & 0 & 0 & -4\\0 & 9 & 0 & -18\\0 & 0 & 36 & 36\\-4 & -18 & 36 & 40\end{matrix}\right|$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = \left|\begin{matrix}4 - \lambda & 0 & 0\\0 & 9 - \lambda & 0\\0 & 0 & 36 - \lambda\end{matrix}\right|$$
|4 -4| | 9 -18| |36 36|
K2 = | | + | | + | |
|-4 40| |-18 40 | |36 40|
|4 0 -4 | | 9 0 -18| |4 0 -4|
| | | | | |
K3 = |0 9 -18| + | 0 36 36 | + |0 36 36|
| | | | | |
|-4 -18 40 | |-18 36 40 | |-4 36 40|
$$I_{1} = 49$$
$$I_{2} = 504$$
$$I_{3} = 1296$$
$$I_{4} = -46656$$
$$I{\left(\lambda \right)} = - \lambda^{3} + 49 \lambda^{2} - 504 \lambda + 1296$$
$$K_{2} = 324$$
$$K_{3} = -10368$$
Because
I3 != 0
then by type of surface:
you need to
Make the characteristic equation for the surface:
$$- I_{1} \lambda^{2} + I_{2} \lambda - I_{3} + \lambda^{3} = 0$$
or
$$\lambda^{3} - 49 \lambda^{2} + 504 \lambda - 1296 = 0$$
$$\lambda_{1} = 36$$
$$\lambda_{2} = 9$$
$$\lambda_{3} = 4$$
then the canonical form of the equation will be
$$\left(\tilde z^{2} \lambda_{3} + \left(\tilde x^{2} \lambda_{1} + \tilde y^{2} \lambda_{2}\right)\right) + \frac{I_{4}}{I_{3}} = 0$$
$$36 \tilde x^{2} + 9 \tilde y^{2} + 4 \tilde z^{2} - 36 = 0$$
2 2 2
\tilde x \tilde y \tilde z
--------- + --------- + --------- = 1
2 2 2
/ 1 \ / 1 \ / 1 \
|-----| |-----| |-----|
\6*1/6/ \3*1/6/ \2*1/6/
this equation is fora type ellipsoid
- reduced to canonical form